---
title: Config
section: 7
description: About npm configuration
---

### Description

This article details npm configuration in general.
To learn about the `config` command, see [`npm config`](/commands/npm-config).

npm gets its configuration values from the following sources, sorted by priority:

#### Command Line Flags

Putting `--foo bar` on the command line sets the `foo` configuration parameter to `"bar"`.
A `--` argument tells the cli parser to stop reading flags.
Using `--flag` without specifying any value will set the value to `true`.

Example: `--flag1 --flag2` will set both configuration parameters to `true`, while `--flag1 --flag2 bar` will set `flag1` to `true`, and `flag2` to `bar`.
Finally, `--flag1 --flag2 -- bar` will set both configuration parameters to `true`, and the `bar` is taken as a command argument.

**Common examples:**

* `npm install --prefix /path/to/dir` - Runs npm commands in a different directory without changing the current working directory
* `npm install --global` - Installs packages globally (shorthand: `-g`)
* `npm install --save-dev` - Saves to devDependencies (shorthand: `-D`)

Any configuration option documented in the [Config Settings](#config-settings) section below can be set via command line flags using `--option-name value` syntax.

#### Environment Variables

Any environment variables that start with `npm_config_` will be interpreted as a configuration parameter.
For example, putting `npm_config_foo=bar` in your environment will set the `foo` configuration parameter to `bar`.
Any environment configurations that are not given a value will be given the value of `true`.
Config values are case-insensitive, so `NPM_CONFIG_FOO=bar` will work the same.
However, please note that inside [`scripts`](/using-npm/scripts) npm will set its own environment variables and Node will prefer those lowercase versions over any uppercase ones that you might set.
For details see [this issue](https://github.com/npm/npm/issues/14528).

Notice that you need to use underscores instead of dashes, so `--allow-same-version` would become `npm_config_allow_same_version=true`.

**Important:** When defining custom configuration keys in `.npmrc` files, use hyphens instead of underscores (e.g., `custom-key=value`). This ensures they can be overridden by environment variables, since npm automatically converts underscores to hyphens when reading environment variables. Keys with underscores in `.npmrc` files cannot be overridden via environment variables.

#### npmrc Files

The four relevant files are:

* per-project configuration file (`/path/to/my/project/.npmrc`)
* per-user configuration file (defaults to `$HOME/.npmrc`; configurable via CLI option `--userconfig` or environment variable `$NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG`)
* global configuration file (defaults to `$PREFIX/etc/npmrc`; configurable via CLI option `--globalconfig` or environment variable `$NPM_CONFIG_GLOBALCONFIG`)
* npm's built-in configuration file (`/path/to/npm/npmrc`)

See [npmrc](/configuring-npm/npmrc) for more details.

#### Default Configs

Run `npm config ls -l` to see a set of configuration parameters that are internal to npm, and are defaults if nothing else is specified.

### Shorthands and Other CLI Niceties

The following shorthands are parsed on the command-line:

* `-a`: `--all`
* `--enjoy-by`: `--before`
* `-c`: `--call`
* `--desc`: `--description`
* `-f`: `--force`
* `-g`: `--global`
* `--iwr`: `--include-workspace-root`
* `-L`: `--location`
* `-d`: `--loglevel info`
* `-s`: `--loglevel silent`
* `--silent`: `--loglevel silent`
* `--ddd`: `--loglevel silly`
* `--dd`: `--loglevel verbose`
* `--verbose`: `--loglevel verbose`
* `-q`: `--loglevel warn`
* `--quiet`: `--loglevel warn`
* `-l`: `--long`
* `-m`: `--message`
* `--local`: `--no-global`
* `-n`: `--no-yes`
* `--no`: `--no-yes`
* `-p`: `--parseable`
* `--porcelain`: `--parseable`
* `-C`: `--prefix`
* `--readonly`: `--read-only`
* `--reg`: `--registry`
* `-S`: `--save`
* `-B`: `--save-bundle`
* `-D`: `--save-dev`
* `-E`: `--save-exact`
* `-O`: `--save-optional`
* `-P`: `--save-prod`
* `-?`: `--usage`
* `-h`: `--usage`
* `-H`: `--usage`
* `--help`: `--usage`
* `-v`: `--version`
* `-w`: `--workspace`
* `--ws`: `--workspaces`
* `-y`: `--yes`

If the specified configuration param resolves unambiguously to a known configuration parameter, then it is expanded to that configuration parameter.
For example:

```bash
npm ls --par
# same as:
npm ls --parseable
```

If multiple single-character shorthands are strung together, and the resulting combination is unambiguously not some other configuration param, then it is expanded to its various component pieces.
For example:

```bash
npm ls -gpld
# same as:
npm ls --global --parseable --long --loglevel info
```

### Config Settings

#### `_auth`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

A basic-auth string to use when authenticating against the npm registry.
This will ONLY be used to authenticate against the npm registry. For other
registries you will need to scope it like "//other-registry.tld/:_auth"

Warning: This should generally not be set via a command-line option. It is
safer to use a registry-provided authentication bearer token stored in the
~/.npmrc file by running `npm login`.



#### `access`

* Default: 'public' for new packages, existing packages it will not change the
  current level
* Type: null, "restricted", "public", or "private"

If you do not want your scoped package to be publicly viewable (and
installable) set `--access=restricted`.

Unscoped packages cannot be set to `restricted`.

Note: This defaults to not changing the current access level for existing
packages. Specifying a value of `restricted` or `public` during publish will
change the access for an existing package the same way that `npm access set
status` would.

The value `private` is an alias for `restricted`.



#### `all`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Show or act on all packages, not just the ones your project directly depends
on. For `npm outdated` and `npm ls` this lists every outdated or installed
package. For `npm approve-scripts` and `npm deny-scripts` it selects every
package with pending install scripts.



#### `allow-directory`

* Default: "all"
* Type: "all", "none", or "root"

Limits the ability for npm to install dependencies from directories. That
is, dependencies that point to a directory instead of a version or semver
range. Please note that this could leave your tree incomplete and some
packages may not function as intended or designed. Changing this setting
will not remove dependencies that are already installed.

`all` allows any directories to be installed. `none` prevents any
directories from being installed. `root` only allows directories defined in
your project's package.json to be installed. Also allows directory
dependencies to be used for other commands like `npm view`



#### `allow-file`

* Default: "all"
* Type: "all", "none", or "root"

Limits the ability for npm to install dependencies from tarball files. That
is, dependencies that point to a local tarball file instead of a version or
semver range. Please note that this could leave your tree incomplete and
some packages may not function as intended or designed. Changing this
setting will not remove dependencies that are already installed.

`all` allows any tarball file to be installed. `none` prevents any tarball
file from being installed. `root` only allows tarball files defined in your
project's package.json to be installed. Also allows tarball file
dependencies to be used for other commands like `npm view`



#### `allow-git`

* Default: "all"
* Type: "all", "none", or "root"

Limits the ability for npm to fetch dependencies from git references. That
is, dependencies that point to a git repo instead of a version or semver
range. Please note that this could leave your tree incomplete and some
packages may not function as intended or designed. Changing this setting
will not remove dependencies that are already installed.

`all` allows any git dependencies to be fetched and installed. `none`
prevents any git dependencies from being fetched and installed. `root` only
allows git dependencies defined in your project's package.json to be fetched
and installed. Also allows git dependencies to be fetched for other commands
like `npm view`



#### `allow-remote`

* Default: "all"
* Type: "all", "none", or "root"

Limits the ability for npm to fetch dependencies from urls. That is,
dependencies that point to a tarball url instead of a version or semver
range. Please note that this could leave your tree incomplete and some
packages may not function as intended or designed. Changing this setting
will not remove dependencies that are already installed.

`all` allows any url to be installed. `none` prevents any url from being
installed. `root` only allows urls defined in your project's package.json to
be installed. Also allows url dependencies to be used for other commands
like `npm view`



#### `allow-same-version`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Prevents throwing an error when `npm version` is used to set the new version
to the same value as the current version.



#### `allow-scripts`

* Default: ""
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

Comma-separated list of packages whose install-time lifecycle scripts
(`preinstall`, `install`, `postinstall`, and `prepare` for non-registry
dependencies) are allowed to run.

This setting is intended for one-off and global contexts: `npm exec`, `npx`,
and `npm install -g`, where no project `package.json` is involved. For
team-wide policy in a project, use the `allowScripts` field in
`package.json` (which also supports explicit denials), or configure it in
`.npmrc`. Passing `--allow-scripts` on the command line during a
project-scoped `npm install`, `ci`, `update`, or `rebuild` is an error.

Each name is matched against a dependency's resolved identity, not against
the package's self-reported name. `--ignore-scripts` and
`--dangerously-allow-all-scripts` both override this setting.



#### `allow-scripts-pending`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

List packages with install scripts that are not yet covered by the
`allowScripts` policy, without modifying `package.json`. Only meaningful for
`npm approve-scripts`.



#### `allow-scripts-pin`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Write pinned (`pkg@version`) entries when approving install scripts. Set to
`false` to write name-only entries that allow any version. Has no effect on
`npm deny-scripts`, which always writes name-only entries regardless of this
setting.



#### `audit`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

When "true" submit audit reports alongside the current npm command to the
default registry and all registries configured for scopes. See the
documentation for [`npm audit`](/commands/npm-audit) for details on what is
submitted.



#### `audit-level`

* Default: null
* Type: null, "info", "low", "moderate", "high", "critical", or "none"

The minimum level of vulnerability for `npm audit` to exit with a non-zero
exit code.



#### `auth-type`

* Default: "web"
* Type: "legacy" or "web"

What authentication strategy to use with `login`. Note that if an `otp`
config is given, this value will always be set to `legacy`.



#### `before`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Date

If passed to `npm install`, will rebuild the npm tree such that only
versions that were available **on or before** the given date are installed.
If there are no versions available for the current set of dependencies, the
command will error.

If the requested version is a `dist-tag` and the given tag does not pass the
`--before` filter, the most recent version less than or equal to that tag
will be used. For example, `foo@latest` might install `foo@1.2` even though
`latest` is `2.0`.

If `before` and `min-release-age` are both set in the same source, `before`
wins (an explicit absolute date overrides a relative window). Across
sources, the standard precedence applies (cli > env > project > user >
global), so a higher-priority source can always relax or override a
lower-priority one.

As with `min-release-age`, when this cutoff blocks a fix that `npm audit
fix` would install, npm keeps the vulnerable version, warns, and exits with
a non-zero code.

Packages whose names match `min-release-age-exclude` are exempt from this
filter.



#### `bin-links`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Tells npm to create symlinks (or `.cmd` shims on Windows) for package
executables.

Set to false to have it not do this. This can be used to work around the
fact that some file systems don't support symlinks, even on ostensibly Unix
systems.



#### `browser`

* Default: macOS: `"open"`, Windows: `"start"`, Others: `"xdg-open"`
* Type: null, Boolean, or String

The browser that is called by npm commands to open websites.

Set to `false` to suppress browser behavior and instead print urls to
terminal.

Set to `true` to use default system URL opener.



#### `bypass-2fa`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, setting this
to true will allow the token to bypass two-factor authentication. This is
useful for automation and CI/CD workflows.



#### `ca`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String (can be set multiple times)

The Certificate Authority signing certificate that is trusted for SSL
connections to the registry. Values should be in PEM format (Windows calls
it "Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER)") with newlines replaced by the string
"\n". For example:

```ini
ca="-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nXXXX\nXXXX\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
```

Set to `null` to only allow "known" registrars, or to a specific CA cert to
trust only that specific signing authority.

Multiple CAs can be trusted by specifying an array of certificates:

```ini
ca[]="..."
ca[]="..."
```

See also the `strict-ssl` config.



#### `cache`

* Default: Windows: `%LocalAppData%\npm-cache`, Posix: `~/.npm`
* Type: Path

The location of npm's cache directory.



#### `cafile`

* Default: null
* Type: Path

A path to a file containing one or multiple Certificate Authority signing
certificates. Similar to the `ca` setting, but allows for multiple CA's, as
well as for the CA information to be stored in a file on disk.



#### `call`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

Optional companion option for `npm exec`, `npx` that allows for specifying a
custom command to be run along with the installed packages.

```bash
npm exec --package yo --package generator-node --call "yo node"
```



#### `cidr`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String (can be set multiple times)

This is a list of CIDR address to be used when configuring limited access
tokens with the `npm token create` command.



#### `color`

* Default: true unless the NO_COLOR environ is set to something other than '0'
* Type: "always" or Boolean

If false, never shows colors. If `"always"` then always shows colors. If
true, then only prints color codes for tty file descriptors.



#### `commit-hooks`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Run git commit hooks when using the `npm version` command.



#### `cpu`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Override CPU architecture of native modules to install. Acceptable values
are same as `cpu` field of package.json, which comes from `process.arch`.



#### `dangerously-allow-all-scripts`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If `true`, bypass the `allowScripts` policy entirely and run every
dependency install script regardless of whether it was approved or denied.
Intended as a migration escape hatch only; its use is strongly discouraged.
`--ignore-scripts` still takes precedence over this setting.



#### `depth`

* Default: `Infinity` if `--all` is set; otherwise, `0`
* Type: null or Number

The depth to go when recursing packages for `npm ls`.

If not set, `npm ls` will show only the immediate dependencies of the root
project. If `--all` is set, then npm will show all dependencies by default.



#### `description`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Show the description in `npm search`



#### `diff`

* Default:
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

Define arguments to compare in `npm diff`.



#### `diff-dst-prefix`

* Default: "b/"
* Type: String

Destination prefix to be used in `npm diff` output.



#### `diff-ignore-all-space`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Ignore whitespace when comparing lines in `npm diff`.



#### `diff-name-only`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Prints only filenames when using `npm diff`.



#### `diff-no-prefix`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Do not show any source or destination prefix in `npm diff` output.

Note: this causes `npm diff` to ignore the `--diff-src-prefix` and
`--diff-dst-prefix` configs.



#### `diff-src-prefix`

* Default: "a/"
* Type: String

Source prefix to be used in `npm diff` output.



#### `diff-text`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Treat all files as text in `npm diff`.



#### `diff-unified`

* Default: 3
* Type: Number

The number of lines of context to print in `npm diff`.



#### `dry-run`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Indicates that you don't want npm to make any changes and that it should
only report what it would have done. This can be passed into any of the
commands that modify your local installation, eg, `install`, `update`,
`dedupe`, `uninstall`, as well as `pack` and `publish`.

Note: This is NOT honored by other network related commands, eg `dist-tags`,
`owner`, etc.



#### `editor`

* Default: The EDITOR or VISUAL environment variables, or
  '%SYSTEMROOT%\notepad.exe' on Windows, or 'vi' on Unix systems
* Type: String

The command to run for `npm edit` and `npm config edit`.



#### `engine-strict`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If set to true, then npm will stubbornly refuse to install (or even consider
installing) any package that claims to not be compatible with the current
Node.js version.

This can be overridden by setting the `--force` flag.



#### `expect-result-count`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Number

Tells to expect a specific number of results from the command.

This config cannot be used with: `expect-results`

#### `expect-results`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean

Tells npm whether or not to expect results from the command. Can be either
true (expect some results) or false (expect no results).

This config cannot be used with: `expect-result-count`

#### `expires`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Number

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, this sets the
expiration in days. If not specified, the server will determine the default
expiration.



#### `fetch-retries`

* Default: 2
* Type: Number

The "retries" config for the `retry` module to use when fetching packages
from the registry.

npm will retry idempotent read requests to the registry in the case of
network failures or 5xx HTTP errors.



#### `fetch-retry-factor`

* Default: 10
* Type: Number

The "factor" config for the `retry` module to use when fetching packages.



#### `fetch-retry-maxtimeout`

* Default: 60000 (1 minute)
* Type: Number

The "maxTimeout" config for the `retry` module to use when fetching
packages.



#### `fetch-retry-mintimeout`

* Default: 10000 (10 seconds)
* Type: Number

The "minTimeout" config for the `retry` module to use when fetching
packages.



#### `fetch-timeout`

* Default: 300000 (5 minutes)
* Type: Number

The maximum amount of time to wait for HTTP requests to complete.



#### `force`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Removes various protections against unfortunate side effects, common
mistakes, unnecessary performance degradation, and malicious input.

* Allow clobbering non-npm files in global installs.
* Allow the `npm version` command to work on an unclean git repository.
* Allow deleting the cache folder with `npm cache clean`.
* Allow installing packages that have an `engines` declaration requiring a
  different version of npm.
* Allow installing packages that have an `engines` declaration requiring a
  different version of `node`, even if `--engine-strict` is enabled.
* Allow `npm audit fix` to install modules outside your stated dependency
  range (including SemVer-major changes).
* Allow unpublishing all versions of a published package.
* Allow conflicting peerDependencies to be installed in the root project.
* Implicitly set `--yes` during `npm init`.
* Allow clobbering existing values in `npm pkg`
* Allow unpublishing of entire packages (not just a single version).

If you don't have a clear idea of what you want to do, it is strongly
recommended that you do not use this option!



#### `foreground-scripts`

* Default: `false` unless when using `npm pack` or `npm publish` where it
  defaults to `true`
* Type: Boolean

Run all build scripts (ie, `preinstall`, `install`, and `postinstall`)
scripts for installed packages in the foreground process, sharing standard
input, output, and error with the main npm process.

Note that this will generally make installs run slower, and be much noisier,
but can be useful for debugging.



#### `format-package-lock`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Format `package-lock.json` or `npm-shrinkwrap.json` as a human readable
file.



#### `fund`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

When "true" displays the message at the end of each `npm install`
acknowledging the number of dependencies looking for funding. See [`npm
fund`](/commands/npm-fund) for details.



#### `git`

* Default: "git"
* Type: String

The command to use for git commands. If git is installed on the computer,
but is not in the `PATH`, then set this to the full path to the git binary.



#### `git-tag-version`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Tag the commit when using the `npm version` command. Setting this to false
results in no commit being made at all.



#### `global`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Operates in "global" mode, so that packages are installed into the `prefix`
folder instead of the current working directory. See
[folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for more on the differences in behavior.

* packages are installed into the `{prefix}/lib/node_modules` folder, instead
  of the current working directory.
* bin files are linked to `{prefix}/bin`
* man pages are linked to `{prefix}/share/man`



#### `globalconfig`

* Default: The global --prefix setting plus 'etc/npmrc'. For example,
  '/usr/local/etc/npmrc'
* Type: Path

The config file to read for global config options.



#### `heading`

* Default: "npm"
* Type: String

The string that starts all the debugging log output.



#### `https-proxy`

* Default: null
* Type: null or URL

A proxy to use for outgoing https requests. If the `HTTPS_PROXY` or
`https_proxy` or `HTTP_PROXY` or `http_proxy` environment variables are set,
proxy settings will be honored by the underlying `make-fetch-happen`
library.



#### `if-present`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, npm will not exit with an error code when `run` is invoked for a
script that isn't defined in the `scripts` section of `package.json`. This
option can be used when it's desirable to optionally run a script when it's
present and fail if the script fails. This is useful, for example, when
running scripts that may only apply for some builds in an otherwise generic
CI setup.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `ignore-scripts`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, npm does not run scripts specified in package.json files.

Note that commands explicitly intended to run a particular script, such as
`npm start`, `npm stop`, `npm restart`, `npm test`, and `npm run` will still
run their intended script if `ignore-scripts` is set, but they will *not*
run any pre- or post-scripts.



#### `include`

* Default:
* Type: "prod", "dev", "optional", or "peer" (can be set multiple times)

Option that allows for defining which types of dependencies to install.

This is the inverse of `--omit=<type>`.

Dependency types specified in `--include` will not be omitted, regardless of
the order in which omit/include are specified on the command-line.



#### `include-attestations`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

When used with `npm audit signatures --json`, includes the full sigstore
attestation bundles in the JSON output for each verified package. The
bundles contain DSSE envelopes, verification material, and transparency log
entries.



#### `include-staged`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Allow installing "staged" published packages, as defined by [npm RFC PR
#92](https://github.com/npm/rfcs/pull/92).

This is experimental, and not implemented by the npm public registry.



#### `include-workspace-root`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Include the workspace root when workspaces are enabled for a command.

When false, specifying individual workspaces via the `workspace` config, or
all workspaces via the `workspaces` flag, will cause npm to operate only on
the specified workspaces, and not on the root project.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `init-author-email`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

The value `npm init` should use by default for the package author's email.



#### `init-author-name`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

The value `npm init` should use by default for the package author's name.



#### `init-author-url`

* Default: ""
* Type: "" or URL

The value `npm init` should use by default for the package author's
homepage.



#### `init-license`

* Default: "ISC"
* Type: String

The value `npm init` should use by default for the package license.



#### `init-module`

* Default: "~/.npm-init.js"
* Type: Path

A module that will be loaded by the `npm init` command. See the
documentation for the
[init-package-json](https://github.com/npm/init-package-json) module for
more information, or [npm init](/commands/npm-init).



#### `init-private`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

The value `npm init` should use by default for the package's private flag.



#### `init-type`

* Default: "commonjs"
* Type: String

The value that `npm init` should use by default for the package.json type
field.



#### `init-version`

* Default: "1.0.0"
* Type: SemVer string

The value that `npm init` should use by default for the package version
number, if not already set in package.json.



#### `install-links`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

When set file: protocol dependencies will be packed and installed as regular
dependencies instead of creating a symlink. This option has no effect on
workspaces.



#### `install-strategy`

* Default: "hoisted"
* Type: "hoisted", "nested", "shallow", or "linked"

Sets the strategy for installing packages in node_modules. hoisted
(default): Install non-duplicated in top-level, and duplicated as necessary
within directory structure. nested: (formerly --legacy-bundling) install in
place, no hoisting. shallow (formerly --global-style) only install direct
deps at top-level. linked: install in node_modules/.store, link in place,
unhoisted.

We recommend that package authors use `--install-strategy=linked` during
development to catch undeclared ("phantom") dependencies before publishing:
the isolated layout only exposes a package's declared dependencies, so an
`import` of a package that was never added to `package.json` can fail
instead of resolving by accident and shipping broken. See [Catching
undeclared ("phantom")
dependencies](/using-npm/developers#catching-undeclared-phantom-dependencies).



#### `json`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Whether or not to output JSON data, rather than the normal output.

* In `npm pkg set` it enables parsing set values with JSON.parse() before
  saving them to your `package.json`.

Not supported by all npm commands.



#### `legacy-peer-deps`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Causes npm to completely ignore `peerDependencies` when building a package
tree, as in npm versions 3 through 6.

If a package cannot be installed because of overly strict `peerDependencies`
that collide, it provides a way to move forward resolving the situation.

This differs from `--omit=peer`, in that `--omit=peer` will avoid unpacking
`peerDependencies` on disk, but will still design a tree such that
`peerDependencies` _could_ be unpacked in a correct place.

Use of `legacy-peer-deps` is not recommended, as it will not enforce the
`peerDependencies` contract that meta-dependencies may rely on.



#### `libc`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Override libc of native modules to install. Acceptable values are same as
`libc` field of package.json



#### `link`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Used with `npm ls`, limiting output to only those packages that are linked.



#### `local-address`

* Default: null
* Type: IP Address

The IP address of the local interface to use when making connections to the
npm registry. Must be IPv4 in versions of Node prior to 0.12.



#### `location`

* Default: "user" unless `--global` is passed, which will also set this value
  to "global"
* Type: "global", "user", or "project"

When passed to `npm config` this refers to which config file to use.

When set to "global" mode, packages are installed into the `prefix` folder
instead of the current working directory. See
[folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for more on the differences in behavior.

* packages are installed into the `{prefix}/lib/node_modules` folder, instead
  of the current working directory.
* bin files are linked to `{prefix}/bin`
* man pages are linked to `{prefix}/share/man`



#### `lockfile-version`

* Default: Version 3 if no lockfile, auto-converting v1 lockfiles to v3;
  otherwise, maintain current lockfile version.
* Type: null, 1, 2, 3, "1", "2", or "3"

Set the lockfile format version to be used in package-lock.json and
npm-shrinkwrap-json files. Possible options are:

1: The lockfile version used by npm versions 5 and 6. Lacks some data that
is used during the install, resulting in slower and possibly less
deterministic installs. Prevents lockfile churn when interoperating with
older npm versions.

2: The default lockfile version used by npm version 7 and 8. Includes both
the version 1 lockfile data and version 3 lockfile data, for maximum
determinism and interoperability, at the expense of more bytes on disk.

3: Only the new lockfile information introduced in npm version 7. Smaller on
disk than lockfile version 2, but not interoperable with older npm versions.
Ideal if all users are on npm version 7 and higher.



#### `loglevel`

* Default: "notice"
* Type: "silent", "error", "warn", "notice", "http", "info", "verbose", or
  "silly"

What level of logs to report. All logs are written to a debug log, with the
path to that file printed if the execution of a command fails.

Any logs of a higher level than the setting are shown. The default is
"notice".

See also the `foreground-scripts` config.



#### `logs-dir`

* Default: A directory named `_logs` inside the cache
* Type: null or Path

The location of npm's log directory. See [`npm logging`](/using-npm/logging)
for more information.



#### `logs-max`

* Default: 10
* Type: Number

The maximum number of log files to store.

If set to 0, no log files will be written for the current run.



#### `long`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Show extended information in `ls`, `search`, and `help-search`.



#### `maxsockets`

* Default: 15
* Type: Number

The maximum number of connections to use per origin (protocol/host/port
combination).



#### `message`

* Default: "%s"
* Type: String

Commit message which is used by `npm version` when creating version commit.

Any "%s" in the message will be replaced with the version number.



#### `min-release-age`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Number

If set, npm will build the npm tree such that only versions that were
available more than the given number of days ago will be installed. If there
are no versions available for the current set of dependencies, the command
will error.

This flag is a complement to `before`, which accepts an exact date instead
of a relative number of days. The two may coexist (e.g. `min-release-age` in
your `.npmrc` is preserved when npm internally spawns a sub-process with
`--before` while preparing a `git:` or `github:` dependency); when both
apply, `before` wins within a single source and across sources the standard
precedence rules apply.

When this window stops `npm audit fix` from installing a patched version
(because the fix was published too recently), npm keeps the package at its
vulnerable version, warns that the fix was blocked, and exits with a
non-zero code. To install the fix, add the package to
`min-release-age-exclude`, or relax `min-release-age` or `before`.

Packages whose names match `min-release-age-exclude` are exempt from this
filter.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `min-release-age-exclude`

* Default:
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

A list of package names or `minimatch` glob patterns that are exempt from
the `min-release-age` (and `before`) filter. A matching package can always
resolve to its newest version, even when a release-age window is set.

For example, to apply a release-age window to third-party dependencies while
letting internally maintained packages update immediately:

```
min-release-age=7
min-release-age-exclude[]=@myorg/*
min-release-age-exclude[]=my-internal-pkg
```

Only the named package is exempt; its own dependencies still follow the
release-age policy unless they also match a pattern. Patterns match against
the package name, so `@myorg/*` matches `@myorg/shared-utils`.

Excluding a package does not change which registry it is fetched from. You
should own your private scope on the public registry so that nobody else can
publish a package with the same name.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `name`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, this sets the
name/description for the token.



#### `node-gyp`

* Default: The path to the node-gyp bin that ships with npm
* Type: Path

This is the location of the "node-gyp" bin. By default it uses one that
ships with npm itself.

You can use this config to specify your own "node-gyp" to run when it is
required to build a package.



#### `node-options`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Options to pass through to Node.js via the `NODE_OPTIONS` environment
variable. This does not impact how npm itself is executed but it does impact
how lifecycle scripts are called.



#### `noproxy`

* Default: The value of the NO_PROXY environment variable
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

Domain extensions that should bypass any proxies.

Also accepts a comma-delimited string.



#### `offline`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Force offline mode: no network requests will be done during install. To
allow the CLI to fill in missing cache data, see `--prefer-offline`.



#### `omit`

* Default: 'dev' if the `NODE_ENV` environment variable is set to
  'production'; otherwise, empty.
* Type: "dev", "optional", or "peer" (can be set multiple times)

Dependency types to omit from the installation tree on disk.

Note that these dependencies _are_ still resolved and added to the
`package-lock.json` or `npm-shrinkwrap.json` file. They are just not
physically installed on disk.

If a package type appears in both the `--include` and `--omit` lists, then
it will be included.

If the resulting omit list includes `'dev'`, then the `NODE_ENV` environment
variable will be set to `'production'` for all lifecycle scripts.



#### `omit-lockfile-registry-resolved`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

This option causes npm to create lock files without a `resolved` key for
registry dependencies. Subsequent installs will need to resolve tarball
endpoints with the configured registry, likely resulting in a longer install
time.



#### `orgs`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String (can be set multiple times)

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, this limits
the token access to specific organizations.



#### `orgs-permission`

* Default: null
* Type: null, "read-only", "read-write", or "no-access"

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, sets the
permission level for organizations. Options are "read-only", "read-write",
or "no-access".



#### `os`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Override OS of native modules to install. Acceptable values are same as `os`
field of package.json, which comes from `process.platform`.



#### `otp`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

This is a one-time password from a two-factor authenticator. It's needed
when publishing or changing package permissions with `npm access`.

If not set, and a registry response fails with a challenge for a one-time
password, npm will prompt on the command line for one.



#### `pack-destination`

* Default: "."
* Type: String

Directory in which `npm pack` will save tarballs.



#### `package`

* Default:
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

The package or packages to install for [`npm exec`](/commands/npm-exec)



#### `package-lock`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

If set to false, then ignore `package-lock.json` files when installing. This
will also prevent _writing_ `package-lock.json` if `save` is true.



#### `package-lock-only`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If set to true, the current operation will only use the `package-lock.json`,
ignoring `node_modules`.

For `update` this means only the `package-lock.json` will be updated,
instead of checking `node_modules` and downloading dependencies.

For `list` this means the output will be based on the tree described by the
`package-lock.json`, rather than the contents of `node_modules`.



#### `packages`

* Default:
* Type: null or String (can be set multiple times)

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, this limits
the token access to specific packages.



#### `packages-all`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, grants the
token access to all packages instead of limiting to specific packages.



#### `packages-and-scopes-permission`

* Default: null
* Type: null, "read-only", "read-write", or "no-access"

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, sets the
permission level for packages and scopes. Options are "read-only",
"read-write", or "no-access".



#### `parseable`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Output parseable results from commands that write to standard output. For
`npm search`, this will be tab-separated table format.



#### `password`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Password for authentication. Can be provided via command line when creating
tokens, though it's generally safer to be prompted for it.



#### `prefer-dedupe`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Prefer to deduplicate packages if possible, rather than choosing a newer
version of a dependency.



#### `prefer-offline`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, staleness checks for cached data will be bypassed, but missing data
will be requested from the server. To force full offline mode, use
`--offline`.



#### `prefer-online`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, staleness checks for cached data will be forced, making the CLI
look for updates immediately even for fresh package data.



#### `prefix`

* Default: In global mode, the folder where the node executable is installed.
  Otherwise, the nearest parent folder containing either a package.json file
  or a node_modules folder.
* Type: Path

The location to install global items. If set on the command line, then it
forces non-global commands to run in the specified folder.



#### `preid`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

The "prerelease identifier" to use as a prefix for the "prerelease" part of
a semver. Like the `rc` in `1.2.0-rc.8`.



#### `progress`

* Default: `true` when not in CI and both stderr and stdout are TTYs and not
  in a dumb terminal
* Type: Boolean

When set to `true`, npm will display a progress bar during time intensive
operations, if `process.stderr` and `process.stdout` are a TTY.

Set to `false` to suppress the progress bar.



#### `provenance`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

When publishing from a supported cloud CI/CD system, the package will be
publicly linked to where it was built and published from.

This config cannot be used with: `provenance-file`

#### `provenance-file`

* Default: null
* Type: Path

When publishing, the provenance bundle at the given path will be used.

This config cannot be used with: `provenance`

#### `proxy`

* Default: null
* Type: null, false, or URL

A proxy to use for outgoing http requests. If the `HTTP_PROXY` or
`http_proxy` environment variables are set, proxy settings will be honored
by the underlying `request` library.



#### `read-only`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

This is used to mark a token as unable to publish when configuring limited
access tokens with the `npm token create` command.



#### `rebuild-bundle`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Rebuild bundled dependencies after installation.



#### `registry`

* Default: "https://registry.npmjs.org/"
* Type: URL

The base URL of the npm registry.



#### `replace-registry-host`

* Default: "npmjs"
* Type: "npmjs", "never", "always", or String

Defines behavior for replacing the registry host in a lockfile with the
configured registry.

The default behavior is to replace package dist URLs from the default
registry (https://registry.npmjs.org) to the configured registry. If set to
"never", then use the registry value. If set to "always", then replace the
registry host with the configured host every time.

You may also specify a bare hostname (e.g., "registry.npmjs.org") to only
replace URLs coming from that host.

You may also specify a full URL including a path (e.g.,
"https://old-registry.example.com/npm/path"). In that case, resolved URLs
whose host and path begin with that prefix will have the entire prefix
replaced with the configured registry URL (host and path), without
duplicating path segments.



#### `save`

* Default: `true` unless when using `npm update` where it defaults to `false`
* Type: Boolean

Save installed packages to a `package.json` file as dependencies.

When used with the `npm rm` command, removes the dependency from
`package.json`.

Will also prevent writing to `package-lock.json` if set to `false`.



#### `save-bundle`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If a package would be saved at install time by the use of `--save`,
`--save-dev`, or `--save-optional`, then also put it in the
`bundleDependencies` list.

Ignored if `--save-peer` is set, since peerDependencies cannot be bundled.



#### `save-dev`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Save installed packages to a package.json file as `devDependencies`.

This config cannot be used with: `save-optional`, `save-peer`, `save-prod`

#### `save-exact`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Dependencies saved to package.json will be configured with an exact version
rather than using npm's default semver range operator.



#### `save-optional`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Save installed packages to a package.json file as `optionalDependencies`.

This config cannot be used with: `save-dev`, `save-peer`, `save-prod`

#### `save-peer`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Save installed packages to a package.json file as `peerDependencies`

This config cannot be used with: `save-dev`, `save-optional`, `save-prod`

#### `save-prefix`

* Default: "^"
* Type: String

Configure how versions of packages installed to a package.json file via
`--save` or `--save-dev` get prefixed.

For example if a package has version `1.2.3`, by default its version is set
to `^1.2.3` which allows minor upgrades for that package, but after `npm
config set save-prefix='~'` it would be set to `~1.2.3` which only allows
patch upgrades.



#### `save-prod`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Save installed packages into `dependencies` specifically. This is useful if
a package already exists in `devDependencies` or `optionalDependencies`, but
you want to move it to be a non-optional production dependency.

This is the default behavior if `--save` is true, and neither `--save-dev`
or `--save-optional` are true.

This config cannot be used with: `save-dev`, `save-optional`, `save-peer`

#### `sbom-format`

* Default: null
* Type: "cyclonedx" or "spdx"

SBOM format to use when generating SBOMs.



#### `sbom-type`

* Default: "library"
* Type: "library", "application", or "framework"

The type of package described by the generated SBOM. For SPDX, this is the
value for the `primaryPackagePurpose` field. For CycloneDX, this is the
value for the `type` field.



#### `scope`

* Default: the scope of the current project, if any, or ""
* Type: String

Associate an operation with a scope for a scoped registry.

Useful when logging in to or out of a private registry:

```
# log in, linking the scope to the custom registry
npm login --scope=@mycorp --registry=https://registry.mycorp.com

# log out, removing the link and the auth token
npm logout --scope=@mycorp
```

This will cause `@mycorp` to be mapped to the registry for future
installation of packages specified according to the pattern
`@mycorp/package`.

This will also cause `npm init` to create a scoped package.

```
# accept all defaults, and create a package named "@foo/whatever",
# instead of just named "whatever"
npm init --scope=@foo --yes
```



#### `scopes`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String (can be set multiple times)

When creating a Granular Access Token with `npm token create`, this limits
the token access to specific scopes. Provide a scope name (with or without @
prefix).



#### `script-shell`

* Default: '/bin/sh' on POSIX systems, 'cmd.exe' on Windows
* Type: null or String

The shell to use for scripts run with the `npm exec`, `npm run` and `npm
init <package-spec>` commands.



#### `searchexclude`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

Space-separated options that limit the results from search.



#### `searchlimit`

* Default: 20
* Type: Number

Number of items to limit search results to. Will not apply at all to legacy
searches.



#### `searchopts`

* Default: ""
* Type: String

Space-separated options that are always passed to search.



#### `searchstaleness`

* Default: 900
* Type: Number

The age of the cache, in seconds, before another registry request is made if
using legacy search endpoint.



#### `shell`

* Default: SHELL environment variable, or "bash" on Posix, or "cmd.exe" on
  Windows
* Type: String

The shell to run for the `npm explore` command.



#### `sign-git-commit`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If set to true, then the `npm version` command will commit the new package
version using `-S` to add a signature.

Note that git requires you to have set up GPG keys in your git configs for
this to work properly.



#### `sign-git-tag`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If set to true, then the `npm version` command will tag the version using
`-s` to add a signature.

Note that git requires you to have set up GPG keys in your git configs for
this to work properly.



#### `strict-allow-scripts`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If `true`, turn the install-script policy from a warning into a hard error:
any dependency with install scripts not covered by `allowScripts` will fail
the install instead of running with a notice.

Dependencies explicitly denied with `false` in `allowScripts` are always
silently skipped; this setting only affects unreviewed entries.
`--ignore-scripts` and `--dangerously-allow-all-scripts` both override this
setting.

Optional dependencies that cannot be installed on the current platform or
engine (a non-matching `os`, `cpu`, or `libc`) are not flagged, because
their install scripts never run.



#### `strict-peer-deps`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If set to `true`, and `--legacy-peer-deps` is not set, then _any_
conflicting `peerDependencies` will be treated as an install failure, even
if npm could reasonably guess the appropriate resolution based on non-peer
dependency relationships.

By default, conflicting `peerDependencies` deep in the dependency graph will
be resolved using the nearest non-peer dependency specification, even if
doing so will result in some packages receiving a peer dependency outside
the range set in their package's `peerDependencies` object.

When such an override is performed, a warning is printed, explaining the
conflict and the packages involved. If `--strict-peer-deps` is set, then
this warning is treated as a failure.



#### `strict-ssl`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Whether or not to do SSL key validation when making requests to the registry
via https.

See also the `ca` config.



#### `tag`

* Default: "latest"
* Type: String

If you ask npm to install a package and don't tell it a specific version,
then it will install the specified tag.

It is the tag added to the package@version specified in the `npm dist-tag
add` command, if no explicit tag is given.

When used by the `npm diff` command, this is the tag used to fetch the
tarball that will be compared with the local files by default.

If used in the `npm publish` command, this is the tag that will be added to
the package submitted to the registry.



#### `tag-version-prefix`

* Default: "v"
* Type: String

If set, alters the prefix used when tagging a new version when performing a
version increment using `npm version`. To remove the prefix altogether, set
it to the empty string: `""`.

Because other tools may rely on the convention that npm version tags look
like `v1.0.0`, _only use this property if it is absolutely necessary_. In
particular, use care when overriding this setting for public packages.



#### `timing`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, writes timing information to a process specific json file in the
cache or `logs-dir`. The file name ends with `-timing.json`.

You can quickly view it with this [json](https://npm.im/json) command line:
`cat ~/.npm/_logs/*-timing.json | npm exec -- json -g`.

Timing information will also be reported in the terminal. To suppress this
while still writing the timing file, use `--silent`.



#### `token-description`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String

Description text for the token when using `npm token create`.



#### `umask`

* Default: 0
* Type: Octal numeric string in range 0000..0777 (0..511)

The "umask" value to use when setting the file creation mode on files and
folders.

Folders and executables are given a mode which is `0o777` masked against
this value. Other files are given a mode which is `0o666` masked against
this value.

Note that the underlying system will _also_ apply its own umask value to
files and folders that are created, and npm does not circumvent this, but
rather adds the `--umask` config to it.

Thus, the effective default umask value on most POSIX systems is 0o22,
meaning that folders and executables are created with a mode of 0o755 and
other files are created with a mode of 0o644.



#### `unicode`

* Default: false on windows, true on mac/unix systems with a unicode locale,
  as defined by the `LC_ALL`, `LC_CTYPE`, or `LANG` environment variables.
* Type: Boolean

When set to true, npm uses unicode characters in the tree output. When
false, it uses ascii characters instead of unicode glyphs.



#### `update-notifier`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

Set to false to suppress the update notification when using an older version
of npm than the latest.



#### `usage`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

Show short usage output about the command specified.



#### `user-agent`

* Default: "npm/{npm-version} node/{node-version} {platform} {arch}
  workspaces/{workspaces} {ci}"
* Type: String

Sets the User-Agent request header. The following fields are replaced with
their actual counterparts:

* `{npm-version}` - The npm version in use
* `{node-version}` - The Node.js version in use
* `{platform}` - The value of `process.platform`
* `{arch}` - The value of `process.arch`
* `{workspaces}` - Set to `true` if the `workspaces` or `workspace` options
  are set.
* `{ci}` - The value of the `ci-name` config, if set, prefixed with `ci/`, or
  an empty string if `ci-name` is empty.



#### `userconfig`

* Default: "~/.npmrc"
* Type: Path

The location of user-level configuration settings.

This may be overridden by the `npm_config_userconfig` environment variable
or the `--userconfig` command line option, but may _not_ be overridden by
settings in the `globalconfig` file.



#### `version`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, output the npm version and exit successfully.

Only relevant when specified explicitly on the command line.



#### `versions`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean

If true, output the npm version as well as node's `process.versions` map and
the version in the current working directory's `package.json` file if one
exists, and exit successfully.

Only relevant when specified explicitly on the command line.



#### `viewer`

* Default: "man" on Posix, "browser" on Windows
* Type: String

The program to use to view help content.

Set to `"browser"` to view html help content in the default web browser.



#### `which`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Number

If there are multiple funding sources, which 1-indexed source URL to open.



#### `workspace`

* Default:
* Type: String (can be set multiple times)

Enable running a command in the context of the configured workspaces of the
current project while filtering by running only the workspaces defined by
this configuration option.

Valid values for the `workspace` config are either:

* Workspace names
* Path to a workspace directory
* Path to a parent workspace directory (will result in selecting all
  workspaces within that folder)

When set for the `npm init` command, this may be set to the folder of a
workspace which does not yet exist, to create the folder and set it up as a
brand new workspace within the project.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `workspaces`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean

Set to true to run the command in the context of **all** configured
workspaces.

Explicitly setting this to false will cause commands like `install` to
ignore workspaces altogether. When not set explicitly:

- Commands that operate on the `node_modules` tree (install, update, etc.)
will link workspaces into the `node_modules` folder. - Commands that do
other things (test, exec, publish, etc.) will operate on the root project,
_unless_ one or more workspaces are specified in the `workspace` config.

This value is not exported to the environment for child processes.

#### `workspaces-update`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean

If set to true, the npm cli will run an update after operations that may
possibly change the workspaces installed to the `node_modules` folder.



#### `yes`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean

Automatically answer "yes" to any prompts that npm might print on the
command line.



#### `also`

* Default: null
* Type: null, "dev", or "development"
* DEPRECATED: Please use --include=dev instead.

When set to `dev` or `development`, this is an alias for `--include=dev`.



#### `cache-max`

* Default: Infinity
* Type: Number
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of `--prefer-online`

`--cache-max=0` is an alias for `--prefer-online`



#### `cache-min`

* Default: 0
* Type: Number
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of `--prefer-offline`.

`--cache-min=9999 (or bigger)` is an alias for `--prefer-offline`.



#### `cert`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String
* DEPRECATED: `key` and `cert` are no longer used for most registry
  operations. Use registry scoped `keyfile` and `certfile` instead. Example:
  //other-registry.tld/:keyfile=/path/to/key.pem
  //other-registry.tld/:certfile=/path/to/cert.crt

A client certificate to pass when accessing the registry. Values should be
in PEM format (Windows calls it "Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER)") with
newlines replaced by the string "\n". For example:

```ini
cert="-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nXXXX\nXXXX\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
```

It is _not_ the path to a certificate file, though you can set a
registry-scoped "certfile" path like
"//other-registry.tld/:certfile=/path/to/cert.pem".



#### `dev`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: Please use --include=dev instead.

Alias for `--include=dev`.



#### `global-style`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of
  `--install-strategy=shallow`

Only install direct dependencies in the top level `node_modules`, but hoist
on deeper dependencies. Sets `--install-strategy=shallow`.



#### `init.author.email`

* Default: ""
* Type: String
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-author-email` instead.

Alias for `--init-author-email`



#### `init.author.name`

* Default: ""
* Type: String
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-author-name` instead.

Alias for `--init-author-name`



#### `init.author.url`

* Default: ""
* Type: "" or URL
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-author-url` instead.

Alias for `--init-author-url`



#### `init.license`

* Default: "ISC"
* Type: String
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-license` instead.

Alias for `--init-license`



#### `init.module`

* Default: "~/.npm-init.js"
* Type: Path
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-module` instead.

Alias for `--init-module`



#### `init.version`

* Default: "1.0.0"
* Type: SemVer string
* DEPRECATED: Use `--init-version` instead.

Alias for `--init-version`



#### `key`

* Default: null
* Type: null or String
* DEPRECATED: `key` and `cert` are no longer used for most registry
  operations. Use registry scoped `keyfile` and `certfile` instead. Example:
  //other-registry.tld/:keyfile=/path/to/key.pem
  //other-registry.tld/:certfile=/path/to/cert.crt

A client key to pass when accessing the registry. Values should be in PEM
format with newlines replaced by the string "\n". For example:

```ini
key="-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nXXXX\nXXXX\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----"
```

It is _not_ the path to a key file, though you can set a registry-scoped
"keyfile" path like "//other-registry.tld/:keyfile=/path/to/key.pem".



#### `legacy-bundling`

* Default: false
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: This option has been deprecated in favor of
  `--install-strategy=nested`

Instead of hoisting package installs in `node_modules`, install packages in
the same manner that they are depended on. This may cause very deep
directory structures and duplicate package installs as there is no
de-duplicating. Sets `--install-strategy=nested`.



#### `only`

* Default: null
* Type: null, "prod", or "production"
* DEPRECATED: Use `--omit=dev` to omit dev dependencies from the install.

When set to `prod` or `production`, this is an alias for `--omit=dev`.



#### `optional`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean
* DEPRECATED: Use `--omit=optional` to exclude optional dependencies, or
  `--include=optional` to include them.

Default value does install optional deps unless otherwise omitted.

Alias for --include=optional or --omit=optional



#### `production`

* Default: null
* Type: null or Boolean
* DEPRECATED: Use `--omit=dev` instead.

Alias for `--omit=dev`



#### `shrinkwrap`

* Default: true
* Type: Boolean
* DEPRECATED: Use the --package-lock setting instead.

Alias for --package-lock



### See also

* [npm config](/commands/npm-config)
* [npmrc](/configuring-npm/npmrc)
* [npm scripts](/using-npm/scripts)
* [npm folders](/configuring-npm/folders)
* [npm](/commands/npm)
